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The FAA recently changed the duration of medicals for persons under 40 years of age. The duration of first-class medicals for pilots under 40 years is now 1 year instead of 6 months. The duration of third-class medicals is now 5 years instead of 3 years. The duration of second-class medicals did not change. It [...]

Certificates
§61.23 Medical certificates: Requirement and duration.

(a) Operations requiring a medical certificate. Except as provided in paragraphs (b) and (c) of this section, a person—

(1) Must hold a first-class medical certificate when exercising the privileges of an airline transport pilot certificate;
(2) Must hold at least a second-class medical certificate when exercising the privileges of a commercial [...]

FAR §91.151 Fuel requirements for flight in VFR conditions.

(a) No person may begin a flight in an airplane under VFR conditions unless (considering wind and forecast weather conditions) there is enough fuel to fly to the first point of intended landing and, assuming normal cruising speed—

(1) During the day, to fly after that for at [...]

Students are taught the mnemonic ARROW—Airworthiness Certificate, Registration, Radio License, Operating Limitations, Weight and Balance for remembering the required documents. This article discusses the regulations behind the mnemonic and expands a bit on what is meant.
Airworthiness Certificate and Registration
These are fairly straightforward. Every aircraft has an airworthiness certificate issued by the manufacturer and must [...]

Revision: 2009-01-11
The NTSB has revised the reporting requirements. Details are here. Two changes affect Part 91 airplane operators. Reports must be made if a failure of the Electronic Flight Instruments occurs or and if a portion of a propeller is released while in flight.
The National Transportation Safety Board is an independent U.S. Federal agency that [...]

These regulations come up several times in the written tests and are worth memorizing.
§ 91.3 Responsibility and authority of the pilot in command.
(a) The pilot in command of an aircraft is directly responsible for, and is the final authority as to, the operation of that aircraft.
(b) In an in-flight emergency requiring immediate action, [...]

This comes up often enough on knowledge tests and in prep books for the oral portion of practical tests that it should be memorized.
§ 91.3 Responsibility and authority of the pilot in command.
(a) The pilot in command of an aircraft is directly responsible for, and is the final authority as to, the operation [...]

Cross country time is defined in § 61.1 for the purpose of obtaining ratings. It doesn’t say anything specifically as to how cross country time should be logged for purposes of filling out insurance questionnaires or job applications. Relevant parts of the definition are included below. Note that in general cross-country time means a flight [...]

NOTAMs Notice N JO 7930.85 amends FAAO 7930.2K NOTAM MANUAL effective January 28, 2008
www.FAA.gov Nov 29, 2007: NOTAMs Notice N JO 7930.85 amends FAAO 7930.2K NOTAM MANUAL effective January 28, 2008. Nov 27 This notice provides policy and procedural guidance and interim operating procedures to Federal Aviation Order (FAAO) 7930.2 Notices to Airmen (NOTAMs). NOTAMS [...]

If a VOR is to be used for navigation under IFR flight rules—regardless of weather conditions—it must be operationally checked within the preceding 30 days. The check can be done with any of the following six methods:
1. VOR test signal at a certificated repair station. ±4° bearing error.
2. FAA VOR test facility (VOT). ±4° bearing [...]