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This document covers the holding patterns that are on the FAA Instrument Knowledge Test.

Attitude Instrument Flying—Primary and Supporting Method
The Instrument Flying Handbook is the source for the questions on the FAA Knowledge Test about the primary and supporting instrument method. Bold added for emphasis. Portions were left out. A summary of the Primary and Supporting Method in Tabular form is here. I used the 2001 version in this [...]

This is a summary of the information contained in the detailed Primary and Supporting Method for IFR post.

Primary and Supporting Method for Instrument Flying

Maneuver
Primary
Supporting

 
Pitch
Bank
Power
Pitch
Bank
Power

Straight and Level
Altimeter
Heading Indicator
Airspeed Indicator
Vertical Speed Indicator,Attitude Indicator
Turn CoordinatorAttitude Indicator
Tach or MP

Standard-Rate TurnEstablishing
Altimeter
Attitude Indicatorthen Turn Coordinator
Airspeed Indicator
Attitude IndicatorVertical Speed Indicator
Turn Coordinator,Attitude Indicator
Tach or MP

Standard-Rate TurnTurning
Altimeter
Turn Coordinator
Airspeed Indicator
Vertical Speed IndicatorAttitude Indicator
Turn Coordinator,Attitude Indicator
Tach [...]

[The Aviation Weather Services book includes a section on Supplementary Products. These are not likely to be of interest to general aviation pilots, but are included here for completness.]

Collaborative Convective Forecast Product (CCFP)
The Collaborative Convective Forecast Product (CCFP) is a graphical representation of forecast convective occurrence verifying at 2-, 4 -, and 6-hours after [...]

Short-Range Surface Prognostic (Prog) Charts
Short-Range Surface Prognostic (Prog) Charts (Figure 8-1) provide a forecast of surface pressure systems, fronts and precipitation for a 2-day period. The forecast area covers the 48- contiguous states, the coastal waters and portions of adjacent countries. The forecasted conditions are divided into four forecast periods, 12-, 24-, 36-, and 48-hours. [...]

Area Forecasts (FA)
The NWS issues Area Forecasts (FA) to provide an overview of regional weather conditions that could impact aviation operations in the U.S. and adjacent coastal waters. Area forecasts are issued by the following offices for the following areas:

• The Aviation Weather Center (AWC)
  o Conterminous U.S. and adjacent coastal waters (CONUS)
  o Gulf [...]

Significant Meteorological Information (SIGMET)
SIGMETs provide aircraft operators and aircrews notice of potentially hazardous en route phenomena such as thunderstorms and hail, turbulence, icing, sand and dust storms, tropical cyclones, and volcanic ash.
SIGMET Criteria (Non-Convective)
A SIGMET may be issued when any of the following conditions occur or is expected to occur in an area affecting [...]

Aviation Routine Weather Report (METAR)
Aviation Routine Weather Report (METAR) is the primary observation code used in the U. S. to satisfy World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) requirements for reporting surface meteorological data. A METAR report includes the airport identifier, time of observation, wind, visibility, runway visual range, present weather [...]

There are lots of sources for aviation weather and I cover them in some detail in this post. The National Weather Service publishes weather observations for aviators and publishes most of them at the Standard Briefing page. Most of them are covered in the FAA publication Aviation Weather Services AC 00-45F. The 2007 version of [...]

Why is there a difference between the magnetic variation for the airport and the VOR located at the same airport?
When a navaid is first constructed, the antenna is physically oriented to True North. Then a potentiometer adjustment is made to slave the navaid with Magnetic North. This action matches the isogonic line making it [...]